is Cool does Iterable does Positional
Ranges serve two main purposes: to generate lists of consecutive numbers or strings, and to act as a matcher to check if a number or string is within a certain range.
Ranges are constructed using one of the four possible range operators, which consist of two dots, and optionally a caret which indicates that the endpoint marked with it is excluded from the range.
1 .. 5; # 1 <= $x <= 51^.. 5; # 1 < $x <= 51 ..^5; # 1 <= $x < 51^..^5; # 1 < $x < 5
The caret is also a prefix operator for constructing numeric ranges starting from zero:
my = 10;say ^; # same as 0 ..^ $x.Numeric
Iterating a range (or calling the list method) uses the same semantics as the ++ prefix and postfix operators, i.e., it calls the succ method on the start point, and then the generated elements.
Ranges always go from small to larger elements; if the start point is bigger than the end point, the range is considered empty.
for 1..5 ; # OUTPUT: «12345»say ('a' ^..^ 'f').list; # OUTPUT: «(b c d e)»say 5 ~~ ^5; # OUTPUT: «False»say 4.5 ~~ 0..^5; # OUTPUT: «True»say (1.1..5).list; # OUTPUT: «(1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1)»
Use the ... sequence operator to produce lists of elements that go from larger to smaller values, or to use offsets other than increment-by-1 and other complex cases.
Use ∞ or * (Whatever) to indicate an end point to be open-ended.
for 1..* ; # start from 1, continue until stoppedfor 1..∞ ; # the same
Beware that a WhateverCode end point, instead of a plain Whatever, will go through the range operator and create another WhateverCode which returns a Range:
# A Whatever produces the 1..Inf rangesay (1..*).^name; # OUTPUT: «Range»say (1..*); # OUTPUT: «1..Inf»# Upper end point is now a WhateverCodesay (1..*+20).^name; # OUTPUT: «{ ... }»say (1..*+20).WHAT; # OUTPUT: «(WhateverCode)»say (1..*+20).(22); # OUTPUT: «1..42»
Ranges implement Positional interface, so its elements can be accessed using an index. In a case when the index given is bigger than the Range object's size, Nil object will be returned. The access works for lazy Range objects as well.
say (1..5)[1]; # OUTPUT: «2»say (1..5)[10]; # OUTPUT: «Nil»say (1..*)[10]; # OUTPUT: «11»
Ranges in subscripts§
A Range can be used in a subscript to get a range of values. Please note that assigning a Range to a scalar container turns the Range into an item. Use binding, @-sigiled containers or a slip to get what you mean.
my = <4 8 15 16 23 42>;my := 0..2;.say for []; # OUTPUT: «4815»my = 0..2;.say for []; # OUTPUT: «4815»
Shifting and scaling intervals§
It is possible to shift or scale the interval of a range:
say (1..10) + 1; # OUTPUT: «2..11»say (1..10) - 1; # OUTPUT: «0..9»say (1..10) * 2; # OUTPUT: «2..20»say (1..10) / 2; # OUTPUT: «0.5..5.0»
Matching against Ranges§
You can use smartmatch to match against Ranges.
say 3 ~~ 1..12; # OUTPUT: «True»say 2..3 ~~ 1..12; # OUTPUT: «True»
In Rakudo only, you can use the in-range method for matching against a range, which in fact is equivalent to smartmatch except it will throw an exception when out of range, instead of returning False:
say ('א'..'ת').in-range('ע'); # OUTPUT: «True»
However, if it is not included in the range:
say ('א'..'ת').in-range('p', "Letter 'p'");# OUTPUT: «(exit code 1) Letter 'p' out of range. Is: "p", should be in "א".."ת"
The second parameter to in-range is the optional message that will be printed with the exception. It will print Value by default.
Methods§
method ACCEPTS§
multi method ACCEPTS(Range: Mu \topic)multi method ACCEPTS(Range: Range \topic)multi method ACCEPTS(Range: Cool \got)multi method ACCEPTS(Range: Complex \got)
Indicates if the Range contains (overlaps with) another Range. As an example:
my = Range.new( 3, 5 );my = Range.new( 1, 10 );say .ACCEPTS( ); # OUTPUT: «False»say .ACCEPTS( ); # OUTPUT: «True»say ~~ ; # OUTPUT: «False» (same as $p.ACCEPTS( $r )say ~~ ; # OUTPUT: «True» (same as $r.ACCEPTS( $p )
An infinite Range always contains any other Range, therefore:
say 1..10 ~~ -∞..∞; # OUTPUT: «True»say 1..10 ~~ -∞^..^∞; # OUTPUT: «True»
Similarly, a Range with open boundaries often includes other ranges:
say 1..2 ~~ *..10; # OUTPUT: «True»say 2..5 ~~ 1..*; # OUTPUT: «True»
It is also possible to use non-numeric ranges, for instance string based ones:
say 'a'..'j' ~~ 'b'..'c'; # OUTPUT: «False»say 'b'..'c' ~~ 'a'..'j'; # OUTPUT: «True»say 'raku' ~~ -∞^..^∞; # OUTPUT: «True»say 'raku' ~~ -∞..∞; # OUTPUT: «True»say 'raku' ~~ 1..*; # OUTPUT: «True»
When smartmatching a Range of integers with a Cool (string) the ACCEPTS methods exploits the before and after operators in order to check that the Cool value is overlapping the range:
say 1..10 ~~ '5'; # OUTPUT: «False»say '5' before 1; # OUTPUT: «False»say '5' after 10; # OUTPUT: «True»say '5' ~~ *..10; # OUTPUT: «False»
In the above example, since the '5' string is after the 10 integer value, the Range does not overlap with the specified value.
When matching with a Mu instance (i.e., a generic instance), the cmp operator is used.
method min§
method min(Range:)
Returns the start point of the range.
say (1..5).min; # OUTPUT: «1»say (1^..^5).min; # OUTPUT: «1»
method excludes-min§
method excludes-min(Range: --> Bool)
Returns True if the start point is excluded from the range, and False otherwise.
say (1..5).excludes-min; # OUTPUT: «False»say (1^..^5).excludes-min; # OUTPUT: «True»
method max§
method max(Range:)
Returns the end point of the range.
say (1..5).max; # OUTPUT: «5»say (1^..^5).max; # OUTPUT: «5»
method excludes-max§
method excludes-max(Range: --> Bool)
Returns True if the end point is excluded from the range, and False otherwise.
say (1..5).excludes-max; # OUTPUT: «False»say (1^..^5).excludes-max; # OUTPUT: «True»
method bounds§
method bounds()
Returns a list consisting of the start and end point.
say (1..5).bounds; # OUTPUT: «(1 5)»say (1^..^5).bounds; # OUTPUT: «(1 5)»
method infinite§
method infinite(Range: --> Bool)
Returns True if either end point was declared with ∞ or *.
say (1..5).infinite; # OUTPUT: «False»say (1..*).infinite; # OUTPUT: «True»
method is-int§
method is-int(Range: --> Bool)
Returns True if both end points are Int values.
say ('a'..'d').is-int; # OUTPUT: «False»say (1..^5).is-int; # OUTPUT: «True»say (1.1..5.5).is-int; # OUTPUT: «False»
method int-bounds§
proto method int-bounds(|)multi method int-bounds()multi method int-bounds( is rw, is rw --> Bool)
If the Range is an integer range (as indicated by is-int), then this method returns a list with the first and last value it will iterate over (taking into account excludes-min and excludes-max). Returns a Failure if it is not an integer range.
say (2..5).int-bounds; # OUTPUT: «(2 5)»say (2..^5).int-bounds; # OUTPUT: «(2 4)»
If called with (writable) arguments, these will take the values of the higher and lower bound and returns whether integer bounds could be determined from the Range:
if (3..5).int-bounds( my , my )else
method minmax§
multi method minmax(Range: --> List)
If the Range is an integer range (as indicated by is-int), then this method returns a list with the first and last value it will iterate over (taking into account excludes-min and excludes-max). If the range is not an integer range, the method will return a two element list containing the start and end point of the range unless either of excludes-min or excludes-max are True in which case a Failure is returned.
my = (1..5); my = (1^..5);say .is-int, ', ', .is-int; # OUTPUT: «True, True»say .excludes-min, ', ', .excludes-min; # OUTPUT: «False, True»say .minmax, ', ', .minmax; # OUTPUT: «(1 5), (2 5)»my = (1.1..5.2); my = (1.1..^5.2);say .is-int, ', ', .is-int; # OUTPUT: «False, False»say .excludes-max, ', ', .excludes-max; # OUTPUT: «False, True»say .minmax; # OUTPUT: «(1.1 5.2)»say .minmax;CATCH ;# OUTPUT: «X::AdHoc: Cannot return minmax on Range with excluded ends»
method elems§
method elems(Range: --> Numeric)
Returns the number of elements in the range, e.g. when being iterated over, or when used as a List. Returns 0 if the start point is larger than the end point, including when the start point was specified as ∞. Fails when the Range is lazy, including when the end point was specified as ∞ or either end point was specified as *.
say (1..5).elems; # OUTPUT: «5»say (1^..^5).elems; # OUTPUT: «3»
method list§
multi method list(Range:)
Generates the list of elements that the range represents.
say (1..5).list; # OUTPUT: «(1 2 3 4 5)»say (1^..^5).list; # OUTPUT: «(2 3 4)»
method flat§
method flat(Range:)
Generates a Seq containing the elements that the range represents.
method pick§
multi method pick(Range: --> Any)multi method pick(Range: --> Seq)
Performs the same function as Range.list.pick, but attempts to optimize by not actually generating the list if it is not necessary.
method roll§
multi method roll(Range: --> Any)multi method roll(Range: --> Seq)
Performs the same function as Range.list.roll, but attempts to optimize by not actually generating the list if it is not necessary.
method sum§
multi method sum(Range:)
Returns the sum of all elements in the Range. Throws X::Str::Numeric if an element can not be coerced into Numeric.
(1..10).sum # 55
method reverse§
method reverse(Range: --> Seq)
Returns a Seq where all elements that the Range represents have been reversed. Note that reversing an infinite Range won't produce any meaningful results.
say (1^..5).reverse; # OUTPUT: «(5 4 3 2)»say ('a'..'d').reverse; # OUTPUT: «(d c b a)»say (1..∞).reverse; # OUTPUT: «(Inf Inf Inf ...)»
method Capture§
method Capture(Range: --> Capture)
Returns a Capture with values of .min .max, .excludes-min, .excludes-max, .infinite, and .is-int as named arguments.
method rand§
method rand(Range --> Num)
Returns a pseudo-random value belonging to the range.
say (1^..5).rand; # OUTPUT: «1.02405550417031»say (0.1..0.3).rand; # OUTPUT: «0.2130353370062»
method EXISTS-POS§
multi method EXISTS-POS(Range: int \pos)multi method EXISTS-POS(Range: Int \pos)
Returns True if pos is greater than or equal to zero and lower than self.elems. Returns False otherwise.
say (6..10).EXISTS-POS(2); # OUTPUT: «True»say (6..10).EXISTS-POS(7); # OUTPUT: «False»
method AT-POS§
multi method AT-POS(Range: int \pos)multi method AT-POS(Range: int \pos)
Checks if the Int position exists and in that case returns the element in that position.
say (1..4).AT-POS(2) # OUTPUT: «3»
method raku§
multi method raku(Range:)
Returns an implementation-specific string that produces an equivalent object when given to EVAL.
say (1..2).raku # OUTPUT: «1..2»
method fmt§
method fmt(|c)
Returns a string where min and max in the Range have been formatted according to |c.
For more information about parameters, see List.fmt.
say (1..2).fmt("Element: %d", ",") # OUTPUT: «Element: 1,Element: 2»
method WHICH§
multi method WHICH (Range:)
This returns a string that identifies the object. The string is composed by the type of the instance (Range) and the min and max attributes:
say (1..2).WHICH # OUTPUT: «Range|1..2»
sub infix:<+>§
multi infix:<+>(Range \r, Real \v)multi infix:<+>(Real \v, Range \r)
Takes an Real and adds that number to both boundaries of the Range object. Be careful with the use of parenthesis.
say (1..2) + 2; # OUTPUT: «3..4»say 1..2 + 2; # OUTPUT: «1..4»
sub infix:<->§
multi infix:<->(Range \r, Real \v)
Takes an Real and subtract that number to both boundaries of the Range object. Be careful with the use of parenthesis.
say (1..2) - 1; # OUTPUT: «0..1»say 1..2 - 1; # OUTPUT: «1..1»
sub infix:<*>§
multi infix:<*>(Range \r, Real \v)multi infix:<*>(Real \v, Range \r)
Takes an Real and multiply both boundaries of the Range object by that number.
say (1..2) * 2; # OUTPUT: «2..4»
sub infix:</>§
multi infix:</>(Range \r, Real \v)
Takes an Real and divide both boundaries of the Range object by that number.
say (2..4) / 2; # OUTPUT: «1..2»
sub infix:<cmp>§
multi infix:<cmp>(Range \a, Range \b --> Order)multi infix:<cmp>(Num(Real) \a, Range \b --> Order)multi infix:<cmp>(Range \a, Num(Real) \b --> Order)multi infix:<cmp>(Positional \a, Range \b --> Order)multi infix:<cmp>(Range \a, Positional \b --> Order)
Compares two Range objects. A Real operand will be considered as both the starting point and the ending point of a Range to be compared with the other operand. A Positional operand will be compared with the list returned by the .list method applied to the other operand. See List infix:<cmp>
say (1..2) cmp (1..2); # OUTPUT: «Same»say (1..2) cmp (1..3); # OUTPUT: «Less»say (1..4) cmp (1..3); # OUTPUT: «More»say (1..2) cmp 3; # OUTPUT: «Less»say (1..2) cmp [1,2]; # OUTPUT: «Same»
Typegraph§
Range