Anomalous event capable of interrupting normal control-flow
class Exception {}
All exceptions that are placed into the $! variable (or into $_ in CATCH blocks) inherit from Exception. When you call die or fail with a non-Exception argument, it is wrapped into an X::AdHoc object, which also inherits from Exception.
User-defined exception classes should inherit from Exception too, and define at least a method message.
class X::YourApp::SomeError is Exception {
method message() {
"A YourApp-Specific error occurred: out of coffee!";
}
}
method message(Exception:D: --> Str:D)
This is a stub that must be overwritten by subclasses, and should return the exception message.
Special care should be taken that this method does not produce an exception itself.
try die "Something bad happened";
if ($!) {
say $!.message; # OUTPUT: «Something bad happened.»
}
method backtrace(Exception:D:)
Returns the backtrace associated with the exception in a Backtrace object or an empty string if there is none. Only makes sense on exceptions that have been thrown at least once.
try die "Something bad happened";
with $! { .backtrace.print ; }
method throw(Exception:D:)
Throws the exception.
my $exception = X::AdHoc.new; # Totally fine
try $exception.throw; # Throws
if ($!) { #`( some handling ) }; # Suppress the exception
method resume(Exception:D:)
Resumes control flow where .throw left it when handled in a CATCH block.
# For example, resume control flow for any exception
CATCH { default { .resume } }
method rethrow(Exception:D:)
Rethrows an exception that has already been thrown at least once. This is different from throw in that it preserves the original backtrace.
sub f() { die 'Bad' };
sub g() { f; CATCH { default { .rethrow } } };
g;
CATCH { default { say .backtrace.full } };
multi fail(Exception $e)
method fail(Exception:D:)
Exits the calling Routine and returns a Failure object wrapping the exception.
# A custom exception defined
class ForbiddenWord is Exception {
has Str $.word;
method message { "This word is forbidden: «$!word»" }
}
sub say-word ( $word ) {
ForbiddenWord.new(:word($word)).fail if $word eq 'foo';
$word.say;
}
my $result = say-word("foo");
say $result.exception;
The routine form works in the same way, with an alternative syntax: fail ForbiddenWord.new(:word($word)).
multi method gist(Exception:D:)
Returns whatever the exception printer should produce for this exception. The default implementation returns message and backtrace separated by a newline.
my $e = X::AdHoc.new(payload => "This exception is pretty bad");
try $e.throw;
if ($!) { say $!.gist; };
# OUTPUT: «This exception is pretty bad
# in block <unit> at <unknown file> line 1»
method Failure(Exception:D: --> Failure:D)
Available as of the 2022.06 release of the Rakudo compiler.
Coerces the Exception into a Failure object.
multi die()
multi die(*@message)
multi die(Exception:D $e)
method die(Exception:D:)
Throws a fatal Exception. The default exception handler prints each element of the list to $*ERR (STDERR).
die "Important reason";
If the subroutine form is called without arguments, the value of $! variable is checked. If it is set to a .DEFINITE value, its value will be used as the Exception to throw if it's of type Exception, otherwise, it will be used as payload of X::AdHoc exception. If $! is not .DEFINITE, X::AdHoc with string "Died" as payload will be thrown.
die will print by default the line number where it happens
die "Dead";
# OUTPUT: «(exit code 1) Dead
# in block <unit> at /tmp/dead.raku line 1»
However, that default behavior is governed at the Exception level and thus can be changed to anything we want by capturing the exception using CATCH. This can be used, for instance, to suppress line numbers.
CATCH {
default {
.payload.say
}
};
die "Dead" # OUTPUT: «Dead»
multi warn(*@message)
Throws a resumable warning exception, which is considered a control exception, and hence is invisible to most normal exception handlers. The outermost control handler will print the warning to $*ERR. After printing the warning, the exception is resumed where it was thrown. To override this behavior, catch the exception in a CONTROL block. A quietly {...} block is the opposite of a try {...} block in that it will suppress any warnings but pass fatal exceptions through.
To simply print to $*ERR, please use note instead. warn should be reserved for use in threatening situations when you don't quite want to throw an exception.
warn "Warning message";